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  <div class="section" id="s-module-django.contrib.contenttypes">
<span id="s-the-contenttypes-framework"></span><span id="module-django.contrib.contenttypes"></span><span id="the-contenttypes-framework"></span><h1>The contenttypes framework<a class="headerlink" href="#module-django.contrib.contenttypes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Django includes a <a class="reference internal" href="#module-django.contrib.contenttypes" title="django.contrib.contenttypes: Provides generic interface to installed models."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">contenttypes</span></tt></a> application that can
track all of the models installed in your Django-powered project, providing a
high-level, generic interface for working with your models.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-overview">
<span id="overview"></span><h2>Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>At the heart of the contenttypes application is the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> model, which lives at
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType</span></tt>. Instances of
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> represent and store
information about the models installed in your project, and new instances of
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> are automatically
created whenever new models are installed.</p>
<p>Instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> have
methods for returning the model classes they represent and for querying objects
from those models. <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>
also has a <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/db/managers.html#custom-managers"><em>custom manager</em></a> that adds methods for
working with <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> and for
obtaining instances of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>
for a particular model.</p>
<p>Relations between your models and
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> can also be used to
enable &#8220;generic&#8221; relationships between an instance of one of your
models and instances of any model you have installed.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-installing-the-contenttypes-framework">
<span id="installing-the-contenttypes-framework"></span><h2>Installing the contenttypes framework<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-the-contenttypes-framework" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The contenttypes framework is included in the default
<a class="reference internal" href="../settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a> list created by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django-admin.py</span> <span class="pre">startproject</span></tt>,
but if you&#8217;ve removed it or if you manually set up your
<a class="reference internal" href="../settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a> list, you can enable it by adding
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'django.contrib.contenttypes'</span></tt> to your <a class="reference internal" href="../settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a> setting.</p>
<p>It&#8217;s generally a good idea to have the contenttypes framework
installed; several of Django&#8217;s other bundled applications require it:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The admin application uses it to log the history of each object
added or changed through the admin interface.</li>
<li>Django&#8217;s <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/auth/index.html#module-django.contrib.auth" title="django.contrib.auth: Django's authentication framework."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">authentication</span> <span class="pre">framework</span></tt></a> uses it
to tie user permissions to specific models.</li>
<li>Django&#8217;s comments system (<a class="reference internal" href="comments/index.html#module-django.contrib.comments" title="django.contrib.comments: Django's comment framework"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.comments</span></tt></a>) uses it to
&#8220;attach&#8221; comments to any installed model.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-the-contenttype-model">
<span id="the-contenttype-model"></span><h2>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt> model<a class="headerlink" href="#the-contenttype-model" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">ContentType</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentType"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Each instance of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>
has three fields which, taken together, uniquely describe an installed
model:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label">
<tt class="descname">app_label</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the application the model is part of. This is taken from
the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">app_label</span></tt></a> attribute of the model, and includes only the
<em>last</em> part of the application&#8217;s Python import path;
&#8220;django.contrib.contenttypes&#8221;, for example, becomes an
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">app_label</span></tt></a> of &#8220;contenttypes&#8221;.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model">
<tt class="descname">model</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the model class.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.name">
<tt class="descname">name</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The human-readable name of the model. This is taken from the
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.Field.verbose_name" title="django.db.models.Field.verbose_name"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">verbose_name</span></tt></a>
attribute of the model.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<p>Let&#8217;s look at an example to see how this works. If you already have
the <a class="reference internal" href="#module-django.contrib.contenttypes" title="django.contrib.contenttypes: Provides generic interface to installed models."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">contenttypes</span></tt></a> application installed, and then add
<a class="reference internal" href="sites.html#module-django.contrib.sites" title="django.contrib.sites: Lets you operate multiple Web sites from the same database and Django project"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">the</span> <span class="pre">sites</span> <span class="pre">application</span></tt></a> to your
<a class="reference internal" href="../settings.html#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS"><tt class="xref std std-setting docutils literal"><span class="pre">INSTALLED_APPS</span></tt></a> setting and run <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">manage.py</span> <span class="pre">migrate</span></tt> to install it,
the model <a class="reference internal" href="sites.html#django.contrib.sites.models.Site" title="django.contrib.sites.models.Site"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.sites.models.Site</span></tt></a> will be installed into
your database. Along with it a new instance of
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> will be
created with the following values:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.app_label"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">app_label</span></tt></a>
will be set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'sites'</span></tt> (the last part of the Python
path &#8220;django.contrib.sites&#8221;).</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">model</span></tt></a>
will be set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'site'</span></tt>.</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.name" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.name"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span></tt></a>
will be set to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'site'</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-methods-on-contenttype-instances">
<span id="methods-on-contenttype-instances"></span><h2>Methods on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt> instances<a class="headerlink" href="#methods-on-contenttype-instances" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Each <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> instance has
methods that allow you to get from a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> instance to the
model it represents, or to retrieve objects from that model:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.get_object_for_this_type">
<tt class="descclassname">ContentType.</tt><tt class="descname">get_object_for_this_type</tt>(<em>**kwargs</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentType.get_object_for_this_type"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.get_object_for_this_type" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Takes a set of valid <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/db/queries.html#field-lookups-intro"><em>lookup arguments</em></a> for the
model the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>
represents, and does
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.get"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">a</span> <span class="pre">get()</span> <span class="pre">lookup</span></tt></a>
on that model, returning the corresponding object.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model_class">
<tt class="descclassname">ContentType.</tt><tt class="descname">model_class</tt>()<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentType.model_class"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model_class" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the model class represented by this
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> instance.</p>
</dd></dl>

<p>For example, we could look up the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> for the
<a class="reference internal" href="auth.html#django.contrib.auth.models.User" title="django.contrib.auth.models.User"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></tt></a> model:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.contenttypes.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ContentType</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">user_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ContentType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">app_label</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;auth&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;user&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">user_type</span>
<span class="go">&lt;ContentType: user&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>And then use it to query for a particular
<a class="reference internal" href="auth.html#django.contrib.auth.models.User" title="django.contrib.auth.models.User"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></tt></a>, or to get access
to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">User</span></tt> model class:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">user_type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">model_class</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">&lt;class &#39;django.contrib.auth.models.User&#39;&gt;</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">user_type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_object_for_this_type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Guido&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">&lt;User: Guido&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Together,
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.get_object_for_this_type" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.get_object_for_this_type"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_object_for_this_type()</span></tt></a>
and <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model_class" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType.model_class"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">model_class()</span></tt></a> enable
two extremely important use cases:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Using these methods, you can write high-level generic code that
performs queries on any installed model &#8211; instead of importing and
using a single specific model class, you can pass an <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">app_label</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">model</span></tt> into a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> lookup at
runtime, and then work with the model class or retrieve objects from it.</li>
<li>You can relate another model to
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> as a way of
tying instances of it to particular model classes, and use these methods
to get access to those model classes.</li>
</ol>
<p>Several of Django&#8217;s bundled applications make use of the latter technique.
For example,
<a class="reference internal" href="auth.html#django.contrib.auth.models.Permission" title="django.contrib.auth.models.Permission"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">the</span> <span class="pre">permissions</span> <span class="pre">system</span></tt></a> in
Django&#8217;s authentication framework uses a
<a class="reference internal" href="auth.html#django.contrib.auth.models.Permission" title="django.contrib.auth.models.Permission"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Permission</span></tt></a> model with a foreign
key to <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>; this lets
<a class="reference internal" href="auth.html#django.contrib.auth.models.Permission" title="django.contrib.auth.models.Permission"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Permission</span></tt></a> represent concepts like
&#8220;can add blog entry&#8221; or &#8220;can delete news story&#8221;.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-the-contenttypemanager">
<span id="the-contenttypemanager"></span><h3>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentTypeManager</span></tt><a class="headerlink" href="#the-contenttypemanager" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">ContentTypeManager</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentTypeManager"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> also has a custom
manager, <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentTypeManager</span></tt></a>,
which adds the following methods:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.clear_cache">
<tt class="descname">clear_cache</tt>()<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentTypeManager.clear_cache"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.clear_cache" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Clears an internal cache used by
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> to keep track
of models for which it has created
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> instances. You
probably won&#8217;t ever need to call this method yourself; Django will call
it automatically when it&#8217;s needed.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_id">
<tt class="descname">get_for_id</tt>(<em>id</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentTypeManager.get_for_id"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_id" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lookup a <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> by ID.
Since this method uses the same shared cache as
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_for_model()</span></tt></a>,
it&#8217;s preferred to use this method over the usual
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType.objects.get(pk=id)</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model">
<tt class="descname">get_for_model</tt>(<em>model</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>for_concrete_model=True</em><span class="optional">]</span>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentTypeManager.get_for_model"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Takes either a model class or an instance of a model, and returns the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> instance
representing that model. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for_concrete_model=False</span></tt> allows fetching
the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> of a proxy
model.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_models">
<tt class="descname">get_for_models</tt>(<em>*models</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>for_concrete_models=True</em><span class="optional">]</span>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentTypeManager.get_for_models"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_models" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Takes a variadic number of model classes, and returns a dictionary
mapping the model classes to the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> instances
representing them. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for_concrete_models=False</span></tt> allows fetching the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> of proxy
models.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="method">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_by_natural_key">
<tt class="descname">get_by_natural_key</tt>(<em>app_label</em>, <em>model</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/models.html#ContentTypeManager.get_by_natural_key"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_by_natural_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>
instance uniquely identified by the given application label and model
name. The primary purpose of this method is to allow
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> objects to be
referenced via a <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/serialization.html#topics-serialization-natural-keys"><em>natural key</em></a>
during deserialization.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_for_model()</span></tt></a> method is especially
useful when you know you need to work with a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> but don&#8217;t
want to go to the trouble of obtaining the model&#8217;s metadata to perform a manual
lookup:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">user_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ContentType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_for_model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">User</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">user_type</span>
<span class="go">&lt;ContentType: user&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<span class="target" id="module-django.contrib.contenttypes.fields"></span></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-generic-relations">
<span id="s-id1"></span><span id="generic-relations"></span><span id="id1"></span><h2>Generic relations<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-relations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Adding a foreign key from one of your own models to
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> allows your model to
effectively tie itself to another model class, as in the example of the
<a class="reference internal" href="auth.html#django.contrib.auth.models.Permission" title="django.contrib.auth.models.Permission"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Permission</span></tt></a> model above. But it&#8217;s possible
to go one step further and use
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> to enable truly
generic (sometimes called &#8220;polymorphic&#8221;) relationships between models.</p>
<p>A simple example is a tagging system, which might look like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.db</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">models</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.contenttypes.fields</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">GenericForeignKey</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.contenttypes.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ContentType</span>

<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">tag</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SlugField</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">content_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ForeignKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ContentType</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="n">object_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PositiveIntegerField</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">content_object</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GenericForeignKey</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;content_type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;object_id&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>

    <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__str__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>              <span class="c"># __unicode__ on Python 2</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tag</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>A normal <a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.ForeignKey" title="django.db.models.ForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKey</span></tt></a> can only &#8220;point
to&#8221; one other model, which means that if the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItem</span></tt> model used a
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.ForeignKey" title="django.db.models.ForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKey</span></tt></a> it would have to
choose one and only one model to store tags for. The contenttypes
application provides a special field type (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt>) which
works around this and allows the relationship to be with any
model:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">GenericForeignKey</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.html#GenericForeignKey"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>There are three parts to setting up a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>Give your model a <a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.ForeignKey" title="django.db.models.ForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKey</span></tt></a>
to <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>. The usual
name for this field is &#8220;content_type&#8221;.</li>
<li>Give your model a field that can store primary key values from the
models you&#8217;ll be relating to. For most models, this means a
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.PositiveIntegerField" title="django.db.models.PositiveIntegerField"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">PositiveIntegerField</span></tt></a>. The usual name
for this field is &#8220;object_id&#8221;.</li>
<li>Give your model a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>, and
pass it the names of the two fields described above. If these fields
are named &#8220;content_type&#8221; and &#8220;object_id&#8221;, you can omit this &#8211; those
are the default field names
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a> will
look for.</li>
</ol>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey.for_concrete_model">
<tt class="descname">for_concrete_model</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey.for_concrete_model" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.6.</span> </div>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>, the field will be able to reference proxy models. Default
is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt>. This mirrors the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for_concrete_model</span></tt> argument to
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentTypeManager.get_for_model"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_for_model()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.7: </span>This class used to be defined in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.generic</span></tt>.
Support for importing from this old location will be removed in Django
1.9.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<div class="admonition-primary-key-type-compatibility admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Primary key type compatibility</p>
<p>The &#8220;object_id&#8221; field doesn&#8217;t have to be the same type as the
primary key fields on the related models, but their primary key values
must be coercible to the same type as the &#8220;object_id&#8221; field by its
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.Field.get_db_prep_value" title="django.db.models.Field.get_db_prep_value"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_db_prep_value()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p>For example, if you want to allow generic relations to models with either
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.IntegerField" title="django.db.models.IntegerField"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">IntegerField</span></tt></a> or
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.CharField" title="django.db.models.CharField"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CharField</span></tt></a> primary key fields, you
can use <a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.CharField" title="django.db.models.CharField"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">CharField</span></tt></a> for the
&#8220;object_id&#8221; field on your model since integers can be coerced to
strings by <a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.Field.get_db_prep_value" title="django.db.models.Field.get_db_prep_value"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_db_prep_value()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>For maximum flexibility you can use a
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.TextField" title="django.db.models.TextField"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TextField</span></tt></a> which doesn&#8217;t have a
maximum length defined, however this may incur significant performance
penalties depending on your database backend.</p>
<p class="last">There is no one-size-fits-all solution for which field type is best. You
should evaluate the models you expect to be pointing to and determine
which solution will be most effective for your use case.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition-serializing-references-to-contenttype-objects admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Serializing references to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt> objects</p>
<p class="last">If you&#8217;re serializing data (for example, when generating
<a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/testing/tools.html#django.test.TransactionTestCase.fixtures" title="django.test.TransactionTestCase.fixtures"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">fixtures</span></tt></a>) from a model that implements
generic relations, you should probably be using a natural key to uniquely
identify related <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a>
objects. See <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/serialization.html#topics-serialization-natural-keys"><em>natural keys</em></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../django-admin.html#django-admin-option---natural"><tt class="xref std std-djadminopt docutils literal"><span class="pre">dumpdata</span> <span class="pre">--natural</span></tt></a> for more information.</p>
</div>
<p>This will enable an API similar to the one used for a normal
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.ForeignKey" title="django.db.models.ForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKey</span></tt></a>;
each <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItem</span></tt> will have a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">content_object</span></tt> field that returns the
object it&#8217;s related to, and you can also assign to that field or use it when
creating a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItem</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">django.contrib.auth.models</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">User</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">guido</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">User</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;Guido&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_object</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">guido</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;bdfl&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">content_object</span>
<span class="go">&lt;User: Guido&gt;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Due to the way <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>
is implemented, you cannot use such fields directly with filters (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">filter()</span></tt>
and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">exclude()</span></tt>, for example) via the database API. Because a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a> isn&#8217;t a
normal field object, these examples will <em>not</em> work:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre># This will fail
&gt;&gt;&gt; TaggedItem.objects.filter(content_object=guido)
# This will also fail
&gt;&gt;&gt; TaggedItem.objects.get(content_object=guido)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Likewise, <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>s
does not appear in <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/forms/modelforms.html#django.forms.ModelForm" title="django.forms.ModelForm"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ModelForm</span></tt></a>s.</p>
<div class="section" id="s-reverse-generic-relations">
<span id="reverse-generic-relations"></span><h3>Reverse generic relations<a class="headerlink" href="#reverse-generic-relations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">GenericRelation</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/fields.html#GenericRelation"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.7: </span>This class used to be defined in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.generic</span></tt>.
Support for importing from this old location will be removed in Django
1.9.</p>
</div>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation.related_query_name">
<tt class="descname">related_query_name</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation.related_query_name" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.7.</span> </div>
<p>The relation on the related object back to this object doesn&#8217;t exist by
default. Setting <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">related_query_name</span></tt> creates a relation from the
related object back to this one. This allows querying and filtering
from the related object.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<p>If you know which models you&#8217;ll be using most often, you can also add
a &#8220;reverse&#8221; generic relationship to enable an additional API. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Bookmark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Model</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="n">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">models</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">URLField</span><span class="p">()</span>
    <span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GenericRelation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bookmark</span></tt> instances will each have a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">tags</span></tt> attribute, which can
be used to retrieve their associated <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItems</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bookmark</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;https://www.djangoproject.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_object</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_object</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">tag</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;python&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">t2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">save</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tags</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">all</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="go">[&lt;TaggedItem: django&gt;, &lt;TaggedItem: python&gt;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.7.</span> </div>
<p>Defining <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a> with
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">related_query_name</span></tt> set allows querying from the related object:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GenericRelation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">related_query_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;bookmarks&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This enables filtering, ordering, and other query operations on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bookmark</span></tt>
from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItem</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="c"># Get all tags belonging to books containing `django` in the url</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">bookmarks__url__contains</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;django&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&lt;TaggedItem: django&gt;, &lt;TaggedItem: python&gt;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Just as <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>
accepts the names of the content-type and object-ID fields as
arguments, so too does
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a>;
if the model which has the generic foreign key is using non-default names
for those fields, you must pass the names of the fields when setting up a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a> to it. For example, if the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItem</span></tt> model
referred to above used fields named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">content_type_fk</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">object_primary_key</span></tt> to create its generic foreign key, then a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a> back to it would need to be defined like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">tags</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">GenericRelation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="p">,</span>
                       <span class="n">content_type_field</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;content_type_fk&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
                       <span class="n">object_id_field</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;object_primary_key&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Of course, if you don&#8217;t add the reverse relationship, you can do the
same types of lookups manually:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Bookmark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;https://www.djangoproject.com/&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">bookmark_type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ContentType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_for_model</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class="n">TaggedItem</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">filter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">content_type__pk</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">bookmark_type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="gp">... </span>                          <span class="n">object_id</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">id</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go">[&lt;TaggedItem: django&gt;, &lt;TaggedItem: python&gt;]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note that if the model in a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a> uses a
non-default value for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ct_field</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fk_field</span></tt> in its
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a> (e.g. the
<a class="reference internal" href="comments/index.html#module-django.contrib.comments" title="django.contrib.comments: Django's comment framework"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.comments</span></tt></a> app uses <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ct_field=&quot;object_pk&quot;</span></tt>),
you&#8217;ll need to set <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">content_type_field</span></tt> and/or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">object_id_field</span></tt> in
the <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a> to
match the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ct_field</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fk_field</span></tt>, respectively, in the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">comments</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">fields</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">GenericRelation</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Comment</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">object_id_field</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&quot;object_pk&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Note also, that if you delete an object that has a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a>, any objects
which have a <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>
pointing at it will be deleted as well. In the example above, this means that
if a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bookmark</span></tt> object were deleted, any <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TaggedItem</span></tt> objects pointing at
it would be deleted at the same time.</p>
<p>Unlike <a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.ForeignKey" title="django.db.models.ForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ForeignKey</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a> does not accept
an <a class="reference internal" href="../models/fields.html#django.db.models.ForeignKey.on_delete" title="django.db.models.ForeignKey.on_delete"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_delete</span></tt></a> argument to customize this
behavior; if desired, you can avoid the cascade-deletion simply by not using
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a>, and alternate
behavior can be provided via the <a class="reference internal" href="../signals.html#django.db.models.signals.pre_delete" title="django.db.models.signals.pre_delete"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">pre_delete</span></tt></a>
signal.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="s-generic-relations-and-aggregation">
<span id="generic-relations-and-aggregation"></span><h3>Generic relations and aggregation<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-relations-and-aggregation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/db/aggregation.html"><em>Django&#8217;s database aggregation API</em></a>
doesn&#8217;t work with a
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericRelation"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericRelation</span></tt></a>. For example, you
might be tempted to try something like:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Bookmark</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">objects</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">aggregate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;tags&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will not work correctly, however. The generic relation adds extra filters
to the queryset to ensure the correct content type, but the
<a class="reference internal" href="../models/querysets.html#django.db.models.query.QuerySet.aggregate" title="django.db.models.query.QuerySet.aggregate"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">aggregate()</span></tt></a> method doesn&#8217;t take them
into account. For now, if you need aggregates on generic relations, you&#8217;ll
need to calculate them without using the aggregation API.</p>
<span class="target" id="module-django.contrib.contenttypes.forms"></span></div>
<div class="section" id="s-generic-relation-in-forms">
<span id="generic-relation-in-forms"></span><h3>Generic relation in forms<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-relation-in-forms" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-django.contrib.contenttypes.forms" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.forms"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.forms</span></tt></a> module provides:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.BaseGenericInlineFormSet" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.BaseGenericInlineFormSet"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseGenericInlineFormSet</span></tt></a></li>
<li>A formset factory, <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.generic_inlineformset_factory" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.generic_inlineformset_factory"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">generic_inlineformset_factory()</span></tt></a>, for use with
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt></a>.</li>
</ul>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.BaseGenericInlineFormSet">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">BaseGenericInlineFormSet</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.html#BaseGenericInlineFormSet"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.BaseGenericInlineFormSet" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.7: </span>This class used to be defined in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.generic</span></tt>.
Support for importing from this old location will be removed in Django
1.9.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.generic_inlineformset_factory">
<tt class="descname">generic_inlineformset_factory</tt>(<em>model</em>, <em>form=ModelForm</em>, <em>formset=BaseGenericInlineFormSet</em>, <em>ct_field=&quot;content_type&quot;</em>, <em>fk_field=&quot;object_id&quot;</em>, <em>fields=None</em>, <em>exclude=None</em>, <em>extra=3</em>, <em>can_order=False</em>, <em>can_delete=True</em>, <em>max_num=None</em>, <em>formfield_callback=None</em>, <em>validate_max=False</em>, <em>for_concrete_model=True</em>, <em>min_num=None</em>, <em>validate_min=False</em>)<a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/forms.html#generic_inlineformset_factory"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.forms.generic_inlineformset_factory" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericInlineFormSet</span></tt> using
<a class="reference internal" href="../forms/models.html#django.forms.models.modelformset_factory" title="django.forms.models.modelformset_factory"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">modelformset_factory()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p>You must provide <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ct_field</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fk_field</span></tt> if they are different from
the defaults, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">content_type</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">object_id</span></tt> respectively. Other
parameters are similar to those documented in
<a class="reference internal" href="../forms/models.html#django.forms.models.modelformset_factory" title="django.forms.models.modelformset_factory"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">modelformset_factory()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="../forms/models.html#django.forms.models.inlineformset_factory" title="django.forms.models.inlineformset_factory"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">inlineformset_factory()</span></tt></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<span class="title">New in Django 1.6:</span> <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">for_concrete_model</span></tt> argument corresponds to the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey.for_concrete_model" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.fields.GenericForeignKey.for_concrete_model"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">for_concrete_model</span></tt></a>
argument on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericForeignKey</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.7: </span>This function used to be defined in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.generic</span></tt>.
Support for importing from this old location will be removed in Django
1.9.</p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<span class="title">Changed in Django 1.7:</span> <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">min_num</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">validate_min</span></tt> were added.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<span class="target" id="module-django.contrib.contenttypes.admin"></span></div>
<div class="section" id="s-generic-relations-in-admin">
<span id="generic-relations-in-admin"></span><h3>Generic relations in admin<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-relations-in-admin" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-django.contrib.contenttypes.admin" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.admin</span></tt></a> module provides
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericTabularInline" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericTabularInline"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericTabularInline</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericStackedInline" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericStackedInline"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericStackedInline</span></tt></a> (subclasses of
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericInlineModelAdmin</span></tt></a>)</p>
<p>These classes and functions enable the use of generic relations in forms
and the admin. See the <a class="reference internal" href="../../topics/forms/modelforms.html"><em>model formset</em></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="admin/index.html#using-generic-relations-as-an-inline"><em>admin</em></a> documentation for more
information.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">GenericInlineModelAdmin</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.html#GenericInlineModelAdmin"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericInlineModelAdmin</span></tt></a>
class inherits all properties from an
<a class="reference internal" href="admin/index.html#django.contrib.admin.InlineModelAdmin" title="django.contrib.admin.InlineModelAdmin"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">InlineModelAdmin</span></tt></a> class. However,
it adds a couple of its own for working with the generic relation:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin.ct_field">
<tt class="descname">ct_field</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin.ct_field" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the
<a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.models.ContentType"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt></a> foreign key
field on the model. Defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">content_type</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin.ct_fk_field">
<tt class="descname">ct_fk_field</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin.ct_fk_field" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The name of the integer field that represents the ID of the related
object. Defaults to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">object_id</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>

<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.7: </span>This class used to be defined in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.generic</span></tt>.
Support for importing from this old location will be removed in Django
1.9.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericTabularInline">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">GenericTabularInline</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.html#GenericTabularInline"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericTabularInline" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd></dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericStackedInline">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descname">GenericStackedInline</tt><a class="reference internal" href="../../_modules/django/contrib/contenttypes/admin.html#GenericStackedInline"><span class="viewcode-link">[source]</span></a><a class="headerlink" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericStackedInline" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Subclasses of <a class="reference internal" href="#django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin" title="django.contrib.contenttypes.admin.GenericInlineModelAdmin"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">GenericInlineModelAdmin</span></tt></a> with stacked and tabular
layouts, respectively.</p>
<div class="deprecated">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Deprecated since version 1.7: </span>These classes used to be defined in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">django.contrib.contenttypes.generic</span></tt>.
Support for importing from this old location will be removed in Django
1.9.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>

</div>
</div>
</div>


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  <h3><a href="../../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
  <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">The contenttypes framework</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#overview">Overview</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-the-contenttypes-framework">Installing the contenttypes framework</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-contenttype-model">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt> model</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#methods-on-contenttype-instances">Methods on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentType</span></tt> instances</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-contenttypemanager">The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ContentTypeManager</span></tt></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generic-relations">Generic relations</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reverse-generic-relations">Reverse generic relations</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generic-relations-and-aggregation">Generic relations and aggregation</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generic-relation-in-forms">Generic relation in forms</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#generic-relations-in-admin">Generic relations in admin</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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